Home Burglaries and Forensic Evidence Term Paper

Home Burglaries and Forensic Evidence - Term Paper Example Property crimes make up slightly over 75% of all crimes committed in the United States of America and burglaries constitute approximately 25% of those figures. The average loss of a home burglary is about $ 1,725 and 70% of all burglaries were committed in homes. A curious and perhaps interesting fact is that most burglaries occurred during the daytime, at between 6 am and 6 pm, which is contrary to common belief that burglaries happen at night. Most burglars (34%) entered through the front door (12% of burglaries are due to unlocked doors) because people are careless, too trusting or plainly not security conscious. In the U.S., a burglary happens every 15 seconds and burglars spend on average just 8-12 minutes inside the burgled home (FBI, n.d., p. 1). These crime statistics are certainly very alarming and the next logical question to ask is what is being done about it by the concerned authorities?Burglaries are crimes against property and may merit a lower focus of attention from l aw enforcement authorities who are sometimes stretched to the limit due to constraints to the resources available to them. Nevertheless, most residential burglaries went unsolved with low solution and conviction rates. The figures show only 8.2% of reported cases had resulted in arrests and a dismally 3.2% of referred cases producing a conviction (Baskin and Sommers, 2011, p. 70). These low figures should be a big reason for concern because it affords criminal persons the opportunity to become repeat offenders.

Kathleen Stewart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kathleen Stewart - Essay Example There seems to be a parallel between what Mooer's (2003) representation of the 'visible" and the "invisible" of which the wealthy lives apart and seem not to notice those who do not belong to their social and material circle. As Mooer (2003) put it. "Visibility and invisibility is ultimately determined by where one stands in a chain of social relations linking the sphere of production and the public sphere. In the bourgeois public sphere, those who do not conform to the "unmarked" identity of the bourgeois male enter the public sphere at the cost of shedding their concrete, embodied identities." The behaviours of this group definitely mirror our present society, where status is dependent on one's income and where there is a never-ending want to get whichever a person with more has. People have the innate concern and yearning for "equality" with those who are beyond their class, their reach, and their "circle." One example for this is the overwhelming desire for leaders to have their own supplies of crude oil, so that they aspire to own or control islands, occupy countries, and wage war in order to own or control the natural source of crude oil. Yes, it seems to me that the rhythm of dreams a

How Does the Low Cost Carrier Flydubai Manage to Increase It's Market Research Paper

How Does the Low Cost Carrier Flydubai Manage to Increase It's Market Share in the Aviation Industry in the Middle East Region - Research Paper Example The paper tells that the Dubai based Flydubai Airline is one of the LCCs that has succeeded in carving a considerable market niche for itself. The airline launched its operations in 2009 and has since spread its services to different parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa. One aspect that has made the airline successful is innovation on unique strengths and not in competing with larger airlines for above customer segments. The principle behind LCC is to offer services to routes that are considered less lucrative for larger airlines to operate. In order to understand the operations of Flydubai, it is necessary to investigate how the company operates and how it has spread its routes in determining its strategies and its competitive advantage. In addition, the report will investigate the strategies that the airline has put in place since its launch, and how these have contributed to the growth and expansion of the airline. This will indicate how the airline stands in comparison with other la rge airlines such as Emirates and regional LCCs in the Middle East. The report will show that strategic management and innovations are the most important factors that explain the rapid growth of Flydubai in the short time since its launch. Flydubai is a low-cost airline with its operations based at Dubai International Airport. The company was founded on 19 March 2008 but did not commence its operations until 1st June 2009. The airline offers its services in various destinations within the Middle East region, Europe, Africa and other Asian countries. The company has a good fleet of Boeing 737NGs, at its disposal, which is part of the latest lines of airplanes that have facilitated the company to compete effectively in the market. Flydubai was founded by Ahmed bin Saeed, the then Emirates chairman as a special brand of Emirates to offer the low-cost option to tourists and business operators within the region. Though the airline operates as an independent airline and even competes with Emirates, they offer some services in cooperation with Emirates, which include facilitating passenger connectivity in relation to dual boarding in the issuance of passes and baggage on the specific destination. Immediately after its launch, Flydubai remained in the black for about two years without reporting any figures. However, in February 2013, the company surprised many by reporting they had made a net profit of $ 41 million in 2012, with $756 million dollars in revenue. The rapid growth over its two years of operations opened another chapter in Dubai that proved the need to have more LCC in the rapidly expanding Dubai market.

Sociological Definition of Religion Concerning Aborigines Essay Example for Free

Sociological Definition of Religion Concerning Aborigines Essay In my opinion, I find the sociological definition of religion to be my favorite and most helpful. Clifford Geertz explains his definition very clearly, saying that religion is a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, persuasive and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic. What I believe he means is that instead of looking at theories and things of that nature about how religion started, we should look at concepts beyond religion itself. I found that the Australian Aborigines follow closely along this same definition of religion. To the Aborigines, the world has always existed, meaning everything was always here; they had no creation myths. They had believed the ultimate supreme was associated with the sky and was the source for all power in the universe, but said it was not the focus of worship. Instead, religious practices focused upon a number of spirits who supposedly slept within the earth and transformed it every now and then. The earthly spirits were capable of taking the same form of either human or animal; they were considered â€Å"totemic ancestors†. This all relates to the sociological definition of religion because the Aborigines formed conceptions about the spirits, which gives an order for existence; it all seems very realistic to them. Anthropologists studied deeply into these Australian Aborigines. They looked into a primordial era that was a part of an Aborigine myth. They found that this era referred to a period in time when the first ancestors shaped the world and established traditions that their descendants must follow. The actions of the ancestors were thought to be imprinted on the land, possibly in significant physical landscapes, in unusual water holes, or in the main characteristics of animals and plants. This â€Å"era† was said to be the foundation of Aboriginal thought and religious practice and its power was ongoing. This all relates to Geertz’ definition of religion once again, because during the era, the ancestors set up lasting moods and motivations for the Aborigine people. The Aborigine people’s ritual practices concentrated on reenacting the events that took place during the primordial era. Song, dance, and body sand paintings were used to gain access to the era and teach everyone in the community about it. Male and female had different powers, as well as different types of work, during these certain rituals. These rituals relate to Geertz because the native Aborigine people are continuing the traditions and are passing down the tales about the spirits. They’re giving the conception of existence an order of factuality. In conclusion, what I can tell personally, the Australian Aborigines followed right along the same path of religion as Geertz would describe; I’m sure he’d be very fond of it all. With everything that they do, it all falls back on the sociological definition of religion. The rituals, the era, the beginnings, all follow along the same guidelines as Clifford Geertz.

The Rise and Fall of bin Laden, or a Dissent into Cyber-terrorism Essay Example for Free

The Rise and Fall of bin Laden, or a Dissent into Cyber-terrorism Essay Osama bin Muhammad bin ‘Awad bin Laden, best known as Osama bin Laden in the west, is a militant Islamist and the reported founder of the terrorist organization known as al-Qaeda. He stepped on to the global arena in 2001 with his broadcasts on Al Jazeera in direct relation to the September 11th attacks. Since then his faction has had a downfall through the western war on terror, but it is widely believed that this is only a ploy, and that al-Qaeda, along with many other radical Muslim groups are planning to continue their reign of terror on the net. The media has deemed the term for this cyberterrorism, and it is the current threat Osama is expected to pose, but some argue that this is merely western propaganda. Bin Laden has been described as a tall and thin man by the FBI. He is said to be between 6’4’’ and 6’6’’ (193-198cm) in height and weighing about 165 pounds. Left-handed with an olive complexion, he usually walks with a cane, and wears a white turban. He is considered to have a mild mannered temperament and to be very soft spoken. He is thought to only be able to speak Arabic. Never the less, he is believed to be the leader and founder of one of the most heinously acting terrorist groups, known as Al Qaeda Osama was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Al Jazeera referenced his birthday as being March 10, 1957. Osama is a member of the prestigious bin Laden family. His father Muhammed Awd bin Laden had known ties to the Saudi royal family, as well as a prominent business. His father, poor and uneducated before World War I, he immigrated from Hadhramaut to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It was here, where he began to work as a porter. In 1930, Muhammed started his own business; he built his fortune as a building contractor for the Saudi royal family during the 1950’s. It is estimated that Muhammed bin Laden has as many as 55 sons, of which Osama is assumed to be his seventeenth son, but the only from his tenth wife. This led to an upbringing that kept him unfamiliar with his father. Bin Laden attended the secular Al-Thager Model secondary school from 1968 to 1976 where he was raised as a devout Sunni Muslim. The largest denomination of Islam, Sunni Muslims are also refered to as Ahlus Sunnah wal-Jamaa’h which basically means people of the example, or of Muhammad. As a result of King Faisal welcoming exiled teachers from Syria, Egypt and Jordan to Saudi Arabia in the 60’s, it was not too uncommon for members of the Muslim Brotherhood to be found teaching at Saudi schools and universities. During this time, Osama is believed to have been influenced by many of the teachings promoted by these exiles. It is also thought that Osama might have studied economics and business administration at King Abdulaziz University, and that he might have earned a degree in civil engineering in 1979. He is also said to never have graduated from college. Whatever his collegiate experience entails, it is now known that he spent the last 30 years since his college days contributing to the growth of the Muslim Brotherhood known as al-Qaeda, which performed its first military act in 1994. The Talibans first large military operation took place in October 1994 when it seized the Pasha munitions depot and the town of Spin Boldak on the Pakistani border, held at the time by Hizb-i Islami commanders. The capture of the arms dump provided them with an enormous quantity of military materiel, including rockets, ammunition, artillery, and small arms. Green, 2002) These attacks were the beginning of Osama’s reign. Later he would lead al-Qaeda to what they would deem to be the greatest statement of their western disapproval. Osama grew notorious through Al Jazeera, which gained its fame following the September 11th attacks, when the network broadcasted video statements by Osama bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda. Al Jazeera, which in Arabic means The Island is a television network headquarters located in Doha, Qatar. The networks satellite capabilities enabled it to change the social landscape of the Middle East. Prior to its emergence, Middle Eastern citizens were only able to watch TV channels of stat-censored national stations. Al Jazeera introduced an unprecedented level of freedom of speech for most countries. On September 11th, 2001 Al Jazeera gained worldwide recognition with its broadcasts of al-Qaeda. Osama bin Laden gained an unprecedented level of global familiarity as well. The western fear of terrorism can entirely be credited as a product of his hate, which has complicated the western perception of rightful civil liberty. In her article Al Qaeda, Terrorism, and Military Comissions, Ruth Wedgwood proves that though most American citizens consider terrorism to be a federal and national problem, it is very much a local one. Al Qaeda’s published doctrine maintains that there are no innocent civilians in Western society (Wedgwood, 2002)†¦ She later goes on to analyze the psychological foundation they use to form their tenet and she says †¦this tenet leads it to the gravest of international crime (Wedgwood, 2002). Despite the fear bin Laden has been able to instill in the American people, there are many rumors that his financial backing is not as strong as it was in 2001. This could be the mark of his downfall, or just a shift in the types of terrorist acts al-Qaeda performs. The attacks on 9/11 and the ideology of the Taliban adhere to the power inherent in fear, and exploiting fear is not always a costly venture. The twin towers, the White House and the Pentagon are all symbols of American security and their presence provides a certain level of comfort for our society. Though security officials are trained to counter attacks on our civilization, there was a false faith formed over time that attacks such as 9/11 were inconceivable, nor possible to carryout. Now our country has grown impervious to this type of thought. Western civilization has waged war on the Jihad; securities are enhanced, and we are less likely to be vulnerable to the same form of attacks. Even still, western as well as eastern societies still have a major vulnerability that can exploited through the internet. In his Washington Post article Consultant Hacks FBI’s Computer System Martin H. Bosworth reports on an outside consultant hired by the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) who breached the agency’s computer network and gained access to over 38,000 employee’s passwords. The hacker, known as Joseph Colon claimed he used run-of-the-mill hacker techniques that can be easily found on the internet. He gained access to such information as the Witness Protection Program, but can this be defined as terrorism? The United States Department of State defines terrorism as premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents (Gordon, 2003). This interpretation of terrorism becomes a very vague one when the internet is merged with this definition. The product of the two is cyberterrorism, but their have been a wide range of definitions posed since the terms advent in the 1980’s by Barry Collins (Gordon, 2003). Dorothy Denning is a computer science professor at Georgetown University, and one of the country’s foremost respected cyber-security experts. Her views are referred to numerous times in more than a few articles reviewed in this paper. In Denning’s Testimony before the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism, the most widely cited paper on Cyberterrorism, she defines the term as an act carried out on the internet with the intention to do major, or significant damage to society, the likes of which would impede the process of a community’s civil liberty (Denning, 2000). Denning’s definition is very clarifying because it identifies the difference between a cyberterrorist and a hacker. Where a cyberterrorist acts with the intent of severely impacting the economy or civil morale of the country, a hacker merely causes nonessential or at the most costly damage. For every publication produced that argues cyber-terrorism is a major threat, there is another arguing that it is a hoax. Many of these authors who hold this position argue it is a form of presidential propaganda. In his article, Cyberterrorism: There are many ways terrorists can kill you—computers aren’t one of them, Joshua Green argues that the Bush administration’s infatuation with preaching the dangers of cyberterrorism is one that has become a pattern since September 11th. None are more exemplary of exploiting the public’s misunderstanding of the term, along with their fears, than Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge, which Green proves with this quote by Ridge: Terrorists can sit at one computer connected to one network and can create worldwide havoc, warned Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge in a representative observation last April. [They] dont necessarily need a bomb or explosives to cripple a sector of the economy, or shut down a power grid. (Green, 2002) Green further points out that Ridge’s propaganda is not without merit considering that a survey of 725 cities conducted by the National League of Cities for the Anniversary of the 9/11 attacks s howed that cyberterrorism ranked with biological and chemical weapons at the top of a list made by officials of the single most feared threats (2002). Despite this, it must be remembered that Green’s article was published in The Washington Monthly a little more than a year after the 9/11 attacks. At this particular point information was scarce and Bush’s scare tactics were still at the height of their influence; and yet, Green has enough sense to question the motives behind those who use cyberterrorism as a way to instill fear in the fear in the American public. Green points out that the federal government requested $4. 5 billion in cyber investigative security; Bush appointed Richard Clarke to his created position of cybersecurity czar assigning him an office in the White House, and The Washington Post developed a habit of publishing first page headlines like: Cyber-Attacks by Al Qaeda Feared, Terrorists at Threshold of Using Internet as Tool of Bloodshed, Experts Say (Green, 2002). Green recognizes that all of these actions would be reasonable responses to an actual looming threat, but they fail to muster any sort of rationale considering that, as he states, there is no such thing as cyberterrorismno instance of anyone ever having been killed by a terrorist (or anyone else) using a computer (2002). In sum, despite the lack of proof of the potential threat which cyber terrorism poses. It is agreed by most political and military analysts that al-Qaeda’s next step is in the cyber arena. Never the less, this could also be deemed as a sign of bin Laden’s downfall. There are many rumors that al-Qeada lacks the same sufficient funding they had in 2001, that Osama has grown broke, and that the Jihad will eventually be a distant memory. If this is true, the internet would make for a more affordable method of terrorist attacks. These arguments will potentially prove foolish if bin Laden finds a way to continue his terror through the web. The potential for more tragedy is at the finger tips of al-Qeada literally and figuratively.

Study And Analysis Of Computer Memory Computer Science Essay

Study And Analysis Of Computer Memory Computer Science Essay Introduction Computer memories are representing to binary code, for example 0 and 1. Besides that, it reflects an important and significant technical difference between memory and mass storage devices, which has been diluted by the historical use of the term primary storage for Random Access Memory (RAM), and secondary storage mass storage device. There have two types of memory in Computer memory. It is volatile memory and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory is type of memory that can retain information stored even when not receiving power. Examples of non-volatile memories are ROM, the flash memory and most of the mass magnetic storage (Hard disks, floppy disks, and etc.), optical disks (CDs, DVDs, and etc.), among others. The non-volatile memory tasks are generally used in secondary storage. Instead the primary storage memories are volatile as RAM, which means they lose the information when not powered by electricity. Non-volatile memory generally tends to cost more or have worse performances than volatile memory. There are companies working on developing non-volatile memory systems that are comparable in speed and capacity to the volatile RAM. For example, IBM is working on MRAM (Magnetic RAM). The non-volatile data storage can be categorized in to two: electronic routing system and mechanical steering system (hard drives, optical disks, and etc.)., for example, when the computer is shut down, the data stored in them is lost. Volatile memory can be found in computer RAM. Information and instructions loaded into RAM is lost when the computer is shut down and turned back on. Non-volatile memory is the data stored on them is not lost even when power is cut off. For example hard disks, data written is permanent. DRAM (Volatile Memory) Dynamic Random Access Memory, DRAM memory is a type of dynamic random access that is used primarily in the modules of RAM memory and other devices, such as main memory in the system is called dynamic. Since to maintain data storage is required to revise it and reload it, every certain period a refresh cycle. Its main advantage is the ability to build memory with a high density of positions and still operate at high speed, It is now manufactured integrated with millions of positions and access speeds measured in millions of bits per second. It is a volatile memory, for example when no power, memory stores information. Invented in the late sixties, is one of the memory used today. The memory cell is the basic unit of any memory capable of storing a bit in digital systems. The construction of the cell defines the operation of it, in the case of modern DRAM consists of a transistor field effect and a capacitor. The transistor acts as a switch that connects and disconnects the capacitor. This mechanism can be implemented with discrete devices and in fact many previous reports to the era of semiconductors, arrangements were based on transistor capacitor cells. SRAM (Volatile Memory) Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Static random access memory is a type of semiconductor memory based on memory unlike DRAM, is capable of maintaining the data circuit without soda. However, they are volatile memories, which means will lose the information if they cut off the power of computer. An SRAM cell has three different states it can be in standby where the circuit is idle, reading when the data has been requested and writing updating the contents. The SRAM to operate in read mode and write mode should have readeability and write stability respectively. SRAM is more expensive, but faster and significantly less power hungry than DRAM. It is therefore used where either bandwidth or low power, or both, are principal considerations. SDRAM is also easier to control and generally more truly random access than modem types of DRAM. Due to more complex internal structure, SRAM is less dense than DRAM and is therefore not used for high capacity, low cost application such as the main m emory in personal computer. The power consumption of SRAM varies depending on the frequencies with which you access the same, can have a smililar consumption of DRAM when used in high frequency, and some ICs and consume several watts during operation. In addition, the SRAM used with low frequency have a very low consumption of the order of micro watts. ROM (Non-volatile Memory) The read-only memory, also known as ROM is a storage medium used in computers and electronic devices, which allows only reading of information and not your writing, regardless of the presence or not a source of energy. Data stored in ROM can not be changed, or at least not quickly or easily. It is mainly used to contain the firmware or other content vital to the functioning of the device, such as programs that start up the computer and perform diagnostics. The simplest type of ROM in the solid state is as old as technology itself semiconductor. The logic gates, combinational set can be used to index a memory address of n bits in the values of m bits in size. Since the ROM can not be changed, it is only appropriate for storing data that need not be modified during the life of this device. To this end, ROM has been used in many computers to store lookup tables are used for the evaluation of mathematical functions and logical. This was especially efficient when the CPU was slow and ROM was cheap compared to RAM. In fact, one reason people are still using ROM it is because of speed and disallowed read a program that is required to run a disk from the disk itself. Therefore, the BIOS or the system fit the PC boot normally can be found in ROM. Although the relative ration the speeds of the memory RAM and ROM has varied over time, since 2007 the RAM is faster to read than most of the ROM, which is why the ROM content is typically normally pass memory to RAM where it is read as it is used. For the types of ROM that can be modified electrically, the write speed is always much slower than reading speed, and may require exceptionally high voltage, moving jumpers to enable the write mode, and unock special commands. NAND flash memory achieve the highest rate of literacy among all types of reprogrammable ROM, writing large blocks of memory cells simultaneously and reaching 15MB per seconds. Flash Memory (Non Volatile Memory) Flash memory is a non volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and rewritable, that is to say a memory having the characteristics of a memory but the data does not disappear during a shutdown. Thus, the flash memory stores bits of data in memory cells, but the data are stored in memory when power is off. Flash memory is go with very high speed, its lifetime and low power consumption make it very useful for many devices such as digital cameras, cell phones, printers, personal digital assistants, laptops or reading devices and sound recording such as MP3, MP4, and usb flash drives. In additional, this type of memory does not have mechanical parts, which gives it great resistance to shocks. Flash memory provided by electrical impulses, allowing much higher speed operation compared to the primal EEPROM technology, which allowed only act on a single memory cell in each programming operation. There have two types of flash memory which are NOR type flash memory and NAN D flash memory. In type flash memory NOR, is depending on whether the cell is 1 or 0, the electric field of the cell exists or not. So when the cell is read by placing a specific voltage on CG, the electric current flows or not depending on the voltage stored in the cell. NAND flash memory based on logic gates NAND work slightly differently, using tunnel injection for writing and erasing a tunnel of loose. The NAND based memory are also the obvious base in other types of doors a much lower cost about ten times more resistant to the operations but only allow sequential access compared to flash memory based on NOR allowing random access reading. Conclusion As we have seen, the advent of computers electronics is fairly recent, and has had a rapid advance. So much so that today the competition between companies producing computers to rise to the emergence of new models with very short periods of time, which are sometimes of months. Causing an increase in: the speeds of the processors , storage capacity, transfer speed buses, and so on. The above-mentioned to require manufacturers of memory, constant update them, again and again excelling in speed and storage capacity. Currently the market is taking place again, because they have appeared very fast processors, which work at speeds of more than 1 GHz.

The Purpose of Mother Night :: Mother Night Essays

The   Purpose of   Mother Night      Ã‚  Ã‚   Over   the years,   such world-renowned   authors as   Mark Twain and   J. D. Salinger have   shown readers how literature reflects the era in which   it is written. Another author who has  Ã‚   also   made  Ã‚   significant   contributions  Ã‚   to   American literature   is   Kurt   Vonnegut,   author   of   such well-known novels as Slaughterhouse 5 and Cat's Cradle.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vonnegut was born on November 11, 1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana   ("Kurt Vonnegut,   Jr."). Vonnegut   attended Cornell University in 1940 where he   wrote for the Cornell Daily Sun ("Chronology"). In   1943, Vonnegut joined   the United States Infantry. He fought   in World War II for   the 106th Infantry Division until 1945 when he   was captured by the Germans and shipped to a   work camp in Dresden. It was   here in the city of   Dresden   where   Vonnegut   witnessed the American/British firebombing   that  Ã‚   killed   an   estimated  Ã‚   135,000   people. "[Vonnegut] tried for   many years to put into   words what he had   experienced during   that horrific   event...It took   him more  Ã‚  Ã‚   than  Ã‚  Ã‚   twenty  Ã‚  Ã‚   years,  Ã‚  Ã‚   however,  Ã‚  Ã‚   to  Ã‚   produce Slaughterhouse Five" ("Vonnegut in WWII").      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Slaughterhouse Five is Vonnegut's   most famous work. In this book, Vonnegut fictionally   recreates his experience in Dresden. However this book   wasn't published until 1969, and he had published several works   before this. His first book, Player Piano,   was published in 1952;   and his third, Mother Night,   was published   in 1961   ("Chronology"). Even   though Slaughterhouse Five   was Vonnegut's only   novel to re-create his experience   in Dresden, a   strong anti-war theme   can be found in his   earlier literature as well. A   fine example of one of his works that fits this description is Mother Night. The novel takes place in an   open jail in Old Jerusalem. The protagonist introduces himself by saying, "My name is Howard W.   Campbell, Jr.   I am   an   American   by birth,   a Nazi   by reputation, and a nationless person by inclination, The year in   which I   write this   book [is]   1961" (Vo nnegut   17). In first-person  Ã‚   narration   Campbell  Ã‚   accounts   stories   from before, during and post World War II. The reader learns that Campbell lived in Germany   before the war entertaining Nazis as a playwright.   He and his wife Helga   had no intention of leaving Germany once war became a threat. Campbell tells the reader that in 1938 he   was recruited as an American special agent who was to pose as a Nazi propagandist during the war. The   reader   learns   that   this   is   the   reason Campbell is currently behind   bars in; he is   to be tried by   Israel for severe war crimes of spreading propaganda. The Purpose of Mother Night :: Mother Night Essays The   Purpose of   Mother Night      Ã‚  Ã‚   Over   the years,   such world-renowned   authors as   Mark Twain and   J. D. Salinger have   shown readers how literature reflects the era in which   it is written. Another author who has  Ã‚   also   made  Ã‚   significant   contributions  Ã‚   to   American literature   is   Kurt   Vonnegut,   author   of   such well-known novels as Slaughterhouse 5 and Cat's Cradle.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vonnegut was born on November 11, 1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana   ("Kurt Vonnegut,   Jr."). Vonnegut   attended Cornell University in 1940 where he   wrote for the Cornell Daily Sun ("Chronology"). In   1943, Vonnegut joined   the United States Infantry. He fought   in World War II for   the 106th Infantry Division until 1945 when he   was captured by the Germans and shipped to a   work camp in Dresden. It was   here in the city of   Dresden   where   Vonnegut   witnessed the American/British firebombing   that  Ã‚   killed   an   estimated  Ã‚   135,000   people. "[Vonnegut] tried for   many years to put into   words what he had   experienced during   that horrific   event...It took   him more  Ã‚  Ã‚   than  Ã‚  Ã‚   twenty  Ã‚  Ã‚   years,  Ã‚  Ã‚   however,  Ã‚  Ã‚   to  Ã‚   produce Slaughterhouse Five" ("Vonnegut in WWII").      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Slaughterhouse Five is Vonnegut's   most famous work. In this book, Vonnegut fictionally   recreates his experience in Dresden. However this book   wasn't published until 1969, and he had published several works   before this. His first book, Player Piano,   was published in 1952;   and his third, Mother Night,   was published   in 1961   ("Chronology"). Even   though Slaughterhouse Five   was Vonnegut's only   novel to re-create his experience   in Dresden, a   strong anti-war theme   can be found in his   earlier literature as well. A   fine example of one of his works that fits this description is Mother Night. The novel takes place in an   open jail in Old Jerusalem. The protagonist introduces himself by saying, "My name is Howard W.   Campbell, Jr.   I am   an   American   by birth,   a Nazi   by reputation, and a nationless person by inclination, The year in   which I   write this   book [is]   1961" (Vo nnegut   17). In first-person  Ã‚   narration   Campbell  Ã‚   accounts   stories   from before, during and post World War II. The reader learns that Campbell lived in Germany   before the war entertaining Nazis as a playwright.   He and his wife Helga   had no intention of leaving Germany once war became a threat. Campbell tells the reader that in 1938 he   was recruited as an American special agent who was to pose as a Nazi propagandist during the war. The   reader   learns   that   this   is   the   reason Campbell is currently behind   bars in; he is   to be tried by   Israel for severe war crimes of spreading propaganda.